The Sliding Window technique is one of the most powerful algorithmic patterns for solving array and string problems efficiently. It's a must-know technique for coding interviews and can transform O(n²) solutions into elegant O(n) algorithms.

Interactive Sliding Window Visualizer​

Try out different sliding window problems with our interactive visualizer below. Watch how the window slides across the input and see the algorithm in action!

def count_substring(string, sub_string):
    """
    Count occurrences of substring using sliding window
    Time: O(n), Space: O(1)
    """
    win_size = len(sub_string)
    l_string = len(string)
    cnt = 0
    n_window_slides = l_string - win_size
    
    for i in range(n_window_slides + 1):
        curr_win = string[i:win_size + i]
        if sub_string == curr_win:
            cnt += 1
    
    return cnt

# Example usage
string = "abcabcabcabc"
pattern = "abc"
result = count_substring(string, pattern)
print(f"Pattern '{pattern}' found {result} times")  # Output: 4

Bubble sort is a simple and straightforward sorting algorithm that compares two adjacent elements in the list and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. This process is repeated until the entire list is sorted.

Interactive Bubble Sort Visualizer

Try the interactive visualizer below to see how bubble sort works step by step!

def bubble_sort_basic(arr):
    """Basic bubble sort - O(n²) for all cases"""
    n = len(arr)
    
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(0, n - i - 1):
            if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:
                arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]
    
    return arr

# Example usage
numbers = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]
result = bubble_sort_basic(numbers.copy())
print(result)  # [11, 12, 22, 25, 34, 64, 90]

def bubble_sort_optimized(arr):
    """Optimized bubble sort with early termination"""
    n = len(arr)
    
    for i in range(n):
        swapped = False
        
        for j in range(0, n - i - 1):
            if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:
                arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]
                swapped = True
        
        # Early termination if no swaps occurred
        if not swapped:
            break
    
    return arr

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